The latest definition of pain describes it as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or resembling such damage. According to this definition, three subtypes of chronic pain are currently distinguished based on their underlying pathological mechanisms: nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic. All three types share certain characteristic features, their symptoms may overlap, and co-occurrence is also possible. This makes diagnostic and treatment decisions difficult. This review provides a brief description of the most reliable tools for diagnosing and treating chronic pain and its sequelae, with a particular emphasis on neurophysiological research available in this field.