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WOSKOWINA USZNA, ŚLINA I SKÓRA – NOWA ERA DIAGNOSTYKI CHORÓB NEUROLOGICZNYCH?
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Student Scientific Association of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
 
2
Department of Neurology, University Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
 
 
Data nadesłania: 07-12-2025
 
 
Data ostatniej rewizji: 06-01-2026
 
 
Data akceptacji: 06-01-2026
 
 
Data publikacji: 16-03-2026
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Mikołaj Sobczak   

Student Scientific Association of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 213 Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
 
 
Issue Rehabil. Orthop. Neurophysiol. Sport Promot. 2025;52(3):44-55
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Wstęp:
Diagnostyka chorób neurodegeneracyjnych, takich jak choroba Parkinsona (PD) i choroba Alzheimera (AD), wciąż opiera się na badaniu neurologicznym i metodach stosowanych głównie w jawnych klinicznie stadiach choroby, które obejmują neuroobrazowanie oraz analizę płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego. Techniki te są albo inwazyjne, albo kosztowne i wdrażane dopiero po wystąpieniu nieodwracalnej utraty neuronów. Dlatego istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania dostępnych, niedrogich i nieinwazyjnych biomarkerów umożliwiających wcześniejsze rozpoznanie choroby. Najnowsze badania zwracają uwagę na niekonwencjonalne materiały biologiczne, takie jak ślina, skóra i woskowina uszna, które mogą odzwierciedlać patologie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego i otwierają nowe możliwości wczesnej diagnostyki.

Cel:
Przegląd i podsumowanie aktualnych danych dotyczących potencjału diagnostycznego biomarkerów identyfikowanych w ślinie, skórze i woskowinie usznej w chorobie Alzheimera oraz chorobie Parkinsona.

Materiał i metody:
Przeprowadzono przegląd literatury dostępnej w bazie PubMed, korzystając ze słów kluczowych: „biomarkery”, „choroba Parkinsona”, „choroba Alzheimera”, „ślina”, „skóra”, „woskowina uszna”. Uwzględniono wyłącznie badania obserwacyjne oraz przeprowadzone na ludziach i opublikowane w latach 2010–2025.

Wyniki:
W chorobie Alzheimera badania śliny wykazały podwyższone stężenia amyloidu-β42, białka tau oraz laktoferyny. W chorobie Parkinsona badanie fosforylowanej α-synukleiny w skórnych włóknach nerwowych charakteryzuje się wysoką czułością i swoistością, skutecznie odróżniając pacjentów z PD od osób zdrowych oraz utrzymując stabilność w czasie. Jej obecność u osób z idiopatycznym zaburzeniem zachowania podczas snu REM związanym z PD potwierdza przydatność biopsji skóry jako narzędzia do wczesnej diagnostyki. Dodatkowo lipidomiczna analiza woskowiny usznej ujawniła specyficzne profile lipidowe, które różnicują chorych na PD od osób zdrowych, osiągając dokładność diagnostyczną przekraczającą 90%.

Wnioski:
Ślina, woskowina uszna oraz skóra stanowią obiecujące, nieinwazyjne źródła biomarkerów odzwierciedlających patologię neurodegeneracyjną. Ich dostępność, stabilność oraz związek ze zmianami zachodzącymi w mózgu mogą znacząco usprawnić wczesne rozpoznawanie i monitorowanie choroby Alzheimera oraz choroby Parkinsona.
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